Comparison of different sports training methods on muscle plasticity / Comparação de diferentes métodos de treinamento esportivo sobre a plasticidade muscular / Comparación de diferentes métodos de entrenamiento deportivo sobre la plasticidad muscular

ABSTRACT Introduction: Different loads and volumes in resistance training is the most effective way to muscle hypertrophy stimulation in rehabilitation. Adding different stability planes to balance training will increase the intensity of muscle activation, causing an enhanced exercise load. It is theorized that unstable stimuli in the support environment increased central excitability, improving the ability to mobilize muscle fiber contraction. However, the intensity of this relationship is not clarified. Objective: Investigate how to balance exercise training improves CORE muscle plasticity and the central nervous system. Methods: A total of 36 undergraduate and graduate students were recruited to participate in this experiment. Two movements with bridge exercise were selected for maximal muscle endurance testing. Electromyographic data of the CORE muscles were captured and compared at all execution phases. Results: There was no interaction between the stabilization plane and cognitive tasks. The main effects of the low bridge and high bridge movements on erector spinae muscle activation were 28.88 and 2.06. The main effects of cognitive tasks were 0.33 and 7.88, and the interaction effect was 0.89 0.31. Conclusion: Exercise training can increase capillaries in muscles, increase the cross-sectional area of myofibrils, change the proportion of different types of myofibrils, and increase muscle strength. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento de resistência com diferentes cargas e volumes é a maneira mais eficaz de estimular a hipertrofia muscular na reabilitação. Adicionar diferentes planos de estabilidade ao treinamento equilíbrio aumentará o grau de ativação muscular, causando um aumento na carga de exercícios. Teoriza-se que estímulos instáveis no ambiente de suporte levam ao aumento da excitabilidade central, melhorando a capacidade de mobilizar a contração das fibras musculares. Porém, ainda não sabemos a intensidade dessa relação. Objetivo: Investigar como o treinamento de exercícios com equilíbrio melhora a plasticidade muscular do CORE e o sistema nervoso central. Métodos: Um total de 36 graduandos e pós-graduandos foram recrutados para participar deste experimento. Dois movimentos com exercício ponte foram selecionados para o teste de máxima resistência muscular. Os dados eletromiográficos da musculatura do CORE foram capturados e comparados em todas as fases de execução. Resultados: Não houve interação entre o plano de estabilização e as tarefas cognitivas. Os principais efeitos dos movimentos de ponte baixa e ponte alta na ativação do músculo eretor da espinha foram 28,88 e 2,06, os principais efeitos das tarefas cognitivas foram 0,33 e 7,88, e o efeito de interação foi 0,89 e 0,31. Conclusão: O treinamento de exercícios pode aumentar os capilares nos músculos, aumentar a área transversal das miofibrilas, alterar a proporção de diferentes tipos de miofibrilas e aumentar a força muscular. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento de resistencia con diferentes cargas y volúmenes es la forma más eficaz de estimular la hipertrofia muscular en la rehabilitación. Añadir diferentes planos de estabilidad al entrenamiento de equilibrio aumentará el grado de activación muscular, provocando un aumento de la carga del ejercicio. Se teoriza que los estímulos inestables en el entorno de apoyo conducen a un aumento de la excitabilidad central, mejorando la capacidad de movilizar la contracción de las fibras musculares. Sin embargo, aún no conocemos la intensidad de esta relación. Objetivo: Investigar cómo el entrenamiento de ejercicios de equilibrio mejora la plasticidad muscular del CORE y del sistema nervioso central. Métodos: Se reclutó a un total de 36 estudiantes de grado y posgrado para participar en este experimento. Se seleccionaron dos movimientos con ejercicio de puente para la prueba de resistencia muscular máxima. Se capturaron los datos electromiográficos de los músculos del CORE y se compararon en todas las fases de la ejecución. Resultados: No hubo interacción entre el plano de estabilización y las tareas cognitivas. Los efectos principales de los movimientos de puente bajo y puente alto sobre la activación de los músculos erectores de la columna vertebral fueron de 28,88 y 2,06, los efectos principales de las tareas cognitivas fueron de 0,33 y 7,88, y el efecto de interacción fue de 0,89 y 0,31. Conclusión: El entrenamiento con ejercicios puede aumentar los capilares en los músculos, incrementar el área transversal de las miofibrillas, cambiar la proporción de los diferentes tipos de miofibrillas y aumentar la fuerza muscular. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Significance of increased IL-17-producing Foxp3+ Treg in peripheral blood of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of IL-17-producing regulatory T cells ( Treg) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE) and to analyze their clinical significance. Methods This study recruited 32 patients with SLE ( including 14 with active SLE and 18 with inactive SLE) and 13 healthy subjects matched for age and sex. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the expression of Foxp3 and IL-17 in CD4 T lymphocytes and the phenotypic characteristics of IL-17-producing Treg. Correlations between these cells and clinical indicators of SLE were analyzed. Peripheral CD4+CD25+ T cells were isola-ted from five healthy subjects and then stimulated with IL-6 and IL-1βalone or in combination. An in vitro T cell polarization assay was performed to investigate the role of cytokines in the polarization and regulation of IL-17-producing Treg. Results Compared with the healthy subjects and patients with inactive SLE, the pa-tients with active SLE had a higher percentage of IL-17-producing Treg in peripheral blood. Moreover, the expression of Foxp3 and CD45RA by IL-17-producing Treg in the active SLE group was down-regulated, while that of IL-2, granzyme B (GramB), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and glucocorticoid-in-duced tumor necrosis factor receptor ( GITR) was up-regulated. Inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1 could induce Treg to produce IL-17. Conclusions This study suggested that increased inflammatory cytokines might correlate with higher percentages of IL-17-producing Treg in patients with active SLE. These cells were a subset of pathogenic Treg failing to prevent autoimmune.

Astrocytic proBDNF and Tonic GABA Distinguish Active versus Reactive Astrocytes in Hippocampus

Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain and they make close contacts with neurons and blood vessels. They respond dynamically to various environmental stimuli and change their morphological and functional properties. Both physiological and pathological stimuli can induce versatile changes in astrocytes, as this phenomenon is referred to as ‘astrocytic plasticity’. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of astrocytic plasticity in response to various stimuli remain elusive, except for the presence of hypertrophy, a conspicuous structural change which is frequently observed in activated or reactive astrocytes. Here, we investigated differential characteristics of astrocytic plasticity in a stimulus-dependent manner. Strikingly, a stab wound brain injury lead to hypertrophy of astrocytes accompanied by increased GABA expression and tonic GABA release in mouse CA1 hippocampus. In contrast, the mice experiencing enriched environment exhibited astrocytic hypertrophy with enhanced proBDNF immunoreactivity but without GABA signal. Based on the results, we define proBDNF-positive/GABA-negative hypertrophic astrocytes as ‘active’ astrocytes and GABA-positive hypertrophic astrocytes as ‘reactive’ astrocytes, respectively. We propose for the first time that astrocytic proBDNF can be a bona fide molecular marker of the active astrocytes, which are distinct from the reactive astrocytes which show hypertrophy but with aberrant GABA.

Modulation of autoimmune diseases by interleukin (IL)-17 producing regulatory T helper (Th17) cells.

Following the discovery of interleukin (IL)-17 producing T helper (Th17) cells as a distinct lineage of CD4+ T helper cells it became clear that these cells play an important role in the host defense against extracellular fungal and bacterial pathogens and participate in the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Depending on the microenvironment, Th17 cells can alter their differentiation programme ultimately giving rise to either protective or pro-inflammatory pathogenic cells. We found that besides the conventional in vitro protocol for Th17 differentiation by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plus IL-6 cytokines, a combination of IL-23 plus IL-6 can also induce Th17 cells. The Th17 cells induced by IL-23 plus IL-6 (termed as effector Th17, Teff17 cells) are pathogenic upon adoptive transfer into non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice contributing to the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) while cells induced by TGF-β plus IL-6 (termed as regulatory T cells, Treg17 cells) are non pathogenic and regulatory, and suppressed the pathogenic T cells in T1D. These cells differentially expressed a number of cytokines where Teff17 cells exhibited an increase in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-22 whereas Treg17 cells demonstrated increased expression of IL-21 and immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. Differentiation of Th17 cells is controlled by a transcription factor, RORγT although these cells also express variable levels of T-bet and FoxP3 transcription factors. This points to a dual functional role of Th17 subsets in autoimmune diseases particularly T1D. We suggest that similar to conventional regulatory T cells (Treg), induction of regulatory Treg17 cells could play an important role in modulating and preventing certain autoimmune diseases.

Cell Biological Characteristics of Adult Stem Cells

Adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells are two counterparts of stem cells that can be used for the regeneration of organs and for cell therapy. While each stem cell has its own characteristics, recent findings on the plasticity of adult stem cells are expanding the horizons for cell therapy using these stem cells. In addition, adult stem cells are less prone to the transformation process or inappropriate ectopic differentiation. These characteristics of adult stem cells make them an attractive source of cell therapy and thus being actively exploited for their possible use in cell therapeutic treatment of many intractable diseases. However, many questions remain for the nature or mechanisms of plasticity in adult stem cells, and the task of inducing self-renewal for adult stem cell expansion and engineering has not been accomplished yet. Thus, for successful application of adult stem cells for cell therapy, further understanding on the nature of adult stem cells is necessary, which is critical for the development of high-performance cell therapy and to overcome current limitations in adult stem cell therapies.

The new seed cells for hepatocyte transplantation / 中国病理生理杂志

Theprospectofliverdiseasetreatmentbyhepatocytetransplantationisbroad ,butitis difficulttoapplyitinclinictherapyduetotherestrictionofsourceandproliferationofdonorhepatocyte .The hematopoieticstemcellplasticityoftrans -differentiationtohepatocyteprovidesanewsourceofseedcellsfor hepatocytetransplantation .Inthisreview ,wefocusonadvancesintheseedcellsforhepatocytetransplanta tion .